2009-02-12 14:51:54澳肥
[BBC 文章] 誰擁有毛澤東的百萬財產？
[Alfred WANG 編譯]
中國前共產黨黨主席毛澤東是中國人心中的革命英雄，其靠著版稅累積了一大筆財富。
毛澤東迫害數以千計的作家，將這些人和其他藝術家與知識份子視為西方資本主義的產物。然而，他自己的寫作卻為他帶來穩定的收入－－至今估計總共超過一億三千萬人民幣（相當於一千七百六十萬美金，也就是八百八十萬英鎊）。
毛澤東一生所寫的散文小品、詩集與想法已經出版成冊，並在世界各地發行，其中最為人所知的出版物就是毛語錄，大家又稱它為小紅書。如書名所言，此書搜集毛澤東生前針對階級鬥爭與為民服務等議題發表的各種評論。在混亂的文化大革命期間，毛語錄已印製近十億本，企圖改變整個中國社會。無論是學童、工人還是士兵，都必須研讀此書，以運用於各種場合。
毛澤東死後，小紅書與其他出版刊物在仍為他賺進了大把大把的鈔票。
最近中國共產黨發行的雜誌中，有一篇專欄針對誰有權繼承這筆財富的問題，引發了一場爭論。該專欄只提到毛澤東的著作為他帶來多少財富。
毛澤東生前的著作在一九六七年印製成中、英、俄、法、西、日等語言版本，總共價值五百七十萬人民幣（合美金七十八萬，也就是四十萬英鎊）；然而到了兩千零一年，這些資產連本帶利漲到了一億三千萬人民幣（相當於一千七百六十萬美金，也就是八百八十萬英鎊）。不過，文章中並沒有提到現今這筆鉅額的數目有多少。
黨內高層長期以來不斷爭論這筆龐大資產該由誰來繼承。首先，毛澤東的妻子江青，似乎曾要求這筆錢財，之後到一九九一年便去世了。江青同時也是文革期間最忠實的支持者，她在毛澤東一九七六年辭世之前一直陪伴在身邊。此外，毛澤東的兩名子女也要求繼承這筆錢財，但中共拒絕了他們與江青的要求。
根據這篇新的專欄，這樣的話題，隨著兩千零三年最新毛澤東全集的出版發行，重新被挑了起來。此話題重新挑起的原因，在於黨內大老顯然不知是否該課徵毛澤東的版稅，因此向國家內閣尋求建議。最後，他們決定維持最初的決議，也就是不給毛澤東親屬任何一毛錢，原因是他的著作不只為他自己所有，更是整個政黨的智慧結晶。
這幾個禮拜以來，中國的媒體就與是否合法與道德層面，議論著一件事──毛澤東的財富，到底該屬於私人財產，還是該屬於公有財產？
哈佛大學的馬若德教授(Prof RoderickMacFarquhar)過去發表許多有關毛澤東的評論。他針對這項議題有著不同的想法－「主席與利益的衝突(the chairman'sconflict ofinterest)」。他向ＢＢＣ表示，真正的問題在於中國共產黨彰顯毛澤東的個人成就以及對他的祟拜，讓他擁有驚人的版稅金。依他看來，毛澤東身為黨主席，擁有驚人財富是一件很矛盾的事情。
不過，中國民眾看不出左翼派的革命家擁有數以百萬的版稅金有什麼好矛盾的。他們表示，毛澤東可能將他許多的錢財分送給他忠心耿耿、一路相挺的好友。
劉鐵鷹（音譯）是一名五十五歲的退休記者，提起他那一代許多事情的時候，他表示毛澤東並非只想賺大錢的領導人。他表示毛澤東是個偉大的領導，與今日的掌權者截然不同──他派他的親生兒子赴韓戰送死，由此可知他願意為了革命犠牲一切。
如果你想跟毛澤東混熟一點的話，
你可以點這裡
不過，如果你不知道江青是三小的話，
沒關係，點這裡認識她
以下是原文,
不過,你也可以點這裡看原文
China's former communist leader and revolutionary hero Mao Zedong amassed a fortune from book royalties.
Mao persecuted thousands of writers, along with other artists and intellectuals, for their Western, capitalist ideas.
But at the same time he had a steady income from his own writing - asum now believed to be more than 130 million yuan ($17.6m, ￡8.8m).
A recently-published article in a Chinese Communist Party (CCP)magazine has reignited a debate about who should inherit this fortune.
Millions of books containing Mao's essays, poems and thoughts have been published around the world.
Perhaps the best known publication is Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, also known as the Little Red Book.
As the title suggests, the book is a collection of comments from Mao,on subjects such as class struggle and serving the people.
Nearly one billion copies were printed in the Cultural Revolution, achaotic period in which Mao sought to transform Chinese society.
Schoolchildren, workers and soldiers were all required to study thebook, whose wisdom was thought to be useful in almost any situation.
Family refused
The Little Red Book and other publications continue to produce royalties for Mao's estate more than 30 years after his death.
An article published in the magazine Literary World of Party History laid out just how much Mao has earned from his writing.
It said that in 1967 he was worth 5.7 million yuan ($780,000, ￡400,000)from books printed in Chinese, English, Russian, French, Spanish andJapanese.
But that figure, including interest, had risen to 130 million yuan($17.6m, ￡8.8m) by 2001. The article did not say how much the estate isworth now.
There has long been a debate within the higher echelons of the party about who should inherit this vast sum of money.
Jiang Qing, Mao's fourth wife and loyal supporter during the CulturalRevolution, apparently asked for the money on five occasions before herdeath in 1991.
Jiang, also known as Madam Mao, even brought the subject up with China's former leader before he died in 1976.
If he was in a good mood, Mao promised he would leave her some money, according to the article.
If he was in a bad mood, Mao would accuse her of wanting him to die early so she could get her hands on his cash.
Two of Mao's children also asked for the money to be given to them. Their request, along with Madam Mao's, was refused.
'Collective wisdom'
This issue came up again in 2003 following the publication of a newedition of Mao's collected works, according to the new article.
It arose because party leaders were apparently unsure whether or notMao's royalties should be taxed and so asked the country's cabinet foradvice.
It decided to uphold an earlier decision not to give the money to Mao'srelatives because his writings were not his own, but the"crystallisation of the party's collective wisdom".
Over the last few weeks there has been debate in China's media about the legality, as well as the morality, of this viewpoint.
Should Mao's estate be considered a private or a public fortune?
Harvard University Prof Roderick MacFarquhar, who has writtenextensively about Mao, makes another point - the chairman's conflict ofinterest.
"The real issue is that the CCP made it possible for Mao to earnroyalties in enormous quantities by projecting his cult and prescribinghis works," he told the BBC.
"Since Mao was chairman of the party, it could be suggested that there was a conflict of interest."
But many Chinese people see no inherent contradiction in a radical,left-wing revolutionary earning millions of dollars in book royalties.
They point out that Mao supposedly gave away much of this money to loyal friends, those who worked with him and the poor.
Liu Tieying, a 55-year-old former journalist, speaks for many of hisgeneration when he says Mao did not become a leader to make money.
"Mao was a genuine leader, not like those in charge today," he said.
"He sent his own son to die in the Korean War. He gave up everything for the revolution."
中國前共產黨黨主席毛澤東是中國人心中的革命英雄，其靠著版稅累積了一大筆財富。
毛澤東迫害數以千計的作家，將這些人和其他藝術家與知識份子視為西方資本主義的產物。然而，他自己的寫作卻為他帶來穩定的收入－－至今估計總共超過一億三千萬人民幣（相當於一千七百六十萬美金，也就是八百八十萬英鎊）。
毛澤東一生所寫的散文小品、詩集與想法已經出版成冊，並在世界各地發行，其中最為人所知的出版物就是毛語錄，大家又稱它為小紅書。如書名所言，此書搜集毛澤東生前針對階級鬥爭與為民服務等議題發表的各種評論。在混亂的文化大革命期間，毛語錄已印製近十億本，企圖改變整個中國社會。無論是學童、工人還是士兵，都必須研讀此書，以運用於各種場合。
毛澤東死後，小紅書與其他出版刊物在仍為他賺進了大把大把的鈔票。
最近中國共產黨發行的雜誌中，有一篇專欄針對誰有權繼承這筆財富的問題，引發了一場爭論。該專欄只提到毛澤東的著作為他帶來多少財富。
毛澤東生前的著作在一九六七年印製成中、英、俄、法、西、日等語言版本，總共價值五百七十萬人民幣（合美金七十八萬，也就是四十萬英鎊）；然而到了兩千零一年，這些資產連本帶利漲到了一億三千萬人民幣（相當於一千七百六十萬美金，也就是八百八十萬英鎊）。不過，文章中並沒有提到現今這筆鉅額的數目有多少。
黨內高層長期以來不斷爭論這筆龐大資產該由誰來繼承。首先，毛澤東的妻子江青，似乎曾要求這筆錢財，之後到一九九一年便去世了。江青同時也是文革期間最忠實的支持者，她在毛澤東一九七六年辭世之前一直陪伴在身邊。此外，毛澤東的兩名子女也要求繼承這筆錢財，但中共拒絕了他們與江青的要求。
根據這篇新的專欄，這樣的話題，隨著兩千零三年最新毛澤東全集的出版發行，重新被挑了起來。此話題重新挑起的原因，在於黨內大老顯然不知是否該課徵毛澤東的版稅，因此向國家內閣尋求建議。最後，他們決定維持最初的決議，也就是不給毛澤東親屬任何一毛錢，原因是他的著作不只為他自己所有，更是整個政黨的智慧結晶。
這幾個禮拜以來，中國的媒體就與是否合法與道德層面，議論著一件事──毛澤東的財富，到底該屬於私人財產，還是該屬於公有財產？
哈佛大學的馬若德教授(Prof RoderickMacFarquhar)過去發表許多有關毛澤東的評論。他針對這項議題有著不同的想法－「主席與利益的衝突(the chairman'sconflict ofinterest)」。他向ＢＢＣ表示，真正的問題在於中國共產黨彰顯毛澤東的個人成就以及對他的祟拜，讓他擁有驚人的版稅金。依他看來，毛澤東身為黨主席，擁有驚人財富是一件很矛盾的事情。
不過，中國民眾看不出左翼派的革命家擁有數以百萬的版稅金有什麼好矛盾的。他們表示，毛澤東可能將他許多的錢財分送給他忠心耿耿、一路相挺的好友。
劉鐵鷹（音譯）是一名五十五歲的退休記者，提起他那一代許多事情的時候，他表示毛澤東並非只想賺大錢的領導人。他表示毛澤東是個偉大的領導，與今日的掌權者截然不同──他派他的親生兒子赴韓戰送死，由此可知他願意為了革命犠牲一切。
如果你想跟毛澤東混熟一點的話，
你可以點這裡
不過，如果你不知道江青是三小的話，
沒關係，點這裡認識她
以下是原文,
不過,你也可以點這裡看原文
China's former communist leader and revolutionary hero Mao Zedong amassed a fortune from book royalties.
Mao persecuted thousands of writers, along with other artists and intellectuals, for their Western, capitalist ideas.
But at the same time he had a steady income from his own writing - asum now believed to be more than 130 million yuan ($17.6m, ￡8.8m).
A recently-published article in a Chinese Communist Party (CCP)magazine has reignited a debate about who should inherit this fortune.
Millions of books containing Mao's essays, poems and thoughts have been published around the world.
Perhaps the best known publication is Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, also known as the Little Red Book.
As the title suggests, the book is a collection of comments from Mao,on subjects such as class struggle and serving the people.
Nearly one billion copies were printed in the Cultural Revolution, achaotic period in which Mao sought to transform Chinese society.
Schoolchildren, workers and soldiers were all required to study thebook, whose wisdom was thought to be useful in almost any situation.
Family refused
The Little Red Book and other publications continue to produce royalties for Mao's estate more than 30 years after his death.
An article published in the magazine Literary World of Party History laid out just how much Mao has earned from his writing.
It said that in 1967 he was worth 5.7 million yuan ($780,000, ￡400,000)from books printed in Chinese, English, Russian, French, Spanish andJapanese.
But that figure, including interest, had risen to 130 million yuan($17.6m, ￡8.8m) by 2001. The article did not say how much the estate isworth now.
There has long been a debate within the higher echelons of the party about who should inherit this vast sum of money.
Jiang Qing, Mao's fourth wife and loyal supporter during the CulturalRevolution, apparently asked for the money on five occasions before herdeath in 1991.
Jiang, also known as Madam Mao, even brought the subject up with China's former leader before he died in 1976.
If he was in a good mood, Mao promised he would leave her some money, according to the article.
If he was in a bad mood, Mao would accuse her of wanting him to die early so she could get her hands on his cash.
Two of Mao's children also asked for the money to be given to them. Their request, along with Madam Mao's, was refused.
'Collective wisdom'
This issue came up again in 2003 following the publication of a newedition of Mao's collected works, according to the new article.
It arose because party leaders were apparently unsure whether or notMao's royalties should be taxed and so asked the country's cabinet foradvice.
It decided to uphold an earlier decision not to give the money to Mao'srelatives because his writings were not his own, but the"crystallisation of the party's collective wisdom".
Over the last few weeks there has been debate in China's media about the legality, as well as the morality, of this viewpoint.
Should Mao's estate be considered a private or a public fortune?
Harvard University Prof Roderick MacFarquhar, who has writtenextensively about Mao, makes another point - the chairman's conflict ofinterest.
"The real issue is that the CCP made it possible for Mao to earnroyalties in enormous quantities by projecting his cult and prescribinghis works," he told the BBC.
"Since Mao was chairman of the party, it could be suggested that there was a conflict of interest."
But many Chinese people see no inherent contradiction in a radical,left-wing revolutionary earning millions of dollars in book royalties.
They point out that Mao supposedly gave away much of this money to loyal friends, those who worked with him and the poor.
Liu Tieying, a 55-year-old former journalist, speaks for many of hisgeneration when he says Mao did not become a leader to make money.
"Mao was a genuine leader, not like those in charge today," he said.
"He sent his own son to die in the Korean War. He gave up everything for the revolution."