昨天仍是假期中，我跑辦公室拿MDT寄來的CD，包括一片Paul Badura-Skoda的蕭邦，以及三片Steven Isserlis的奏鳴曲。每張都很滿意。

這張錄音的大提琴是Steven Isserlis，用十八世紀的史特拉瓦底；鋼琴是Stephen Hough，彈Steinway and son。



Isserlis的三張CD，其中Rachmaninov和Franck的大提琴奏鳴曲這一張，除了好聽之外，由Isserlis親自執筆寫的內頁說明，清楚易懂並解釋了他自己對這些曲子的看法，以及一些執行上的要件。各位請隨意參閱。

曲目如下：

●Sergei Rachmaninov
-- Prelude Op. 2 No. 1
--Oriental Dance Op. 2 No. 2
--Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor Op. 19 
 
●Cesar Franck
--Le Sylphe M73
--Sonata for Cello and Piano in A major M8
--Panis Angelicus

A brooding, taciturn Russian, exiles in his later years from his native land, wandering the world as a tourist virtuoso, like a lost soul; and a gentle, paternal Belgian, a well-known teacher who hardly travelled anywhere in his life, and had no ambition to do so--strange companions, one might think, to put side by side on a recording without their consent.

But Rachmaninov and Franck did have one powerful trait in common (apart being famous Romantic composers): their religious fervour, which was a strong presence throughout their lives and in their music, both secular and devotional. Franck's ardent Catholicism is well known (in the words of his violinist-friend Eugene Ysaye, dedicatee of the sonata, 'he seemed to belong more to heaven than earth'), Rachmaninov's inspiration of the Russian Orthodox Church rather or less so. But in his autobiography, Charlie Chaplin, no less, tells a revealing story:

 ' Rachmaninov is a strange-looking man, with something aesthetic and cloistral about him....Someone brought the topic around to religion and I confessed that I was not a believer. Rachmaninov quickly interposed: "But how can you have art without religion?" I was stumped for a moment. "I don't think we are talking about the same thing", I said, "My concert of religion is a belief about dogma-- and art is a feeling more than a belief." "So is religion", he answered. After that I shut up,"'

This mystic aspect to Rachmaninov's art can be felt strongly throughout his Cello Sonata, his most famous piece of chamber music. While there are no obvious quotations from Orthodox hymn, the style of many of the themes, with their close intervals, their incense-filled colors, the passionate, almost obsessive repetition of single notes (particularly in the main theme of the slow movement), and the frequent bell-like sonorities, owe a huge debt to the music of the Russian Church that was such an important influence on the composer's life.

Written in 1991, the year after the perennially beloved Second Piano Concerto, the Cello Sonata reflects, perhaps the state of Rachmaninov's heart and mind. Having suffered a nervous breakdown after the catastrophic failure of his first symphony in 1897, Rachmaninov had fought his way back to mental and creative health. Surely it is not fanciful to hear an echo of this in the struggles of the first movement, with its conflict between semitones and whole tones; in the dark night of Scherzo; and then in the blazing joy of the finale? No bearded Russian priest with his Easter cry ' Christ is risen' can ever have sounded more triumphant than the cello does as it announces the glorious second theme of this movement. The whole sonata, imbued as it is with the classical discipline that is so vital a feature of all Rachmaninov's music, encompass a vast range of romantic emotion-- a journey of the soul.

(Incidentally, a footnote: any attentive listener following this performance with a score may be surprised, if not shocked, to hear us play fortissimo at one point in the coda of the last movement, when the printed edition is clearly marked pianissimo. The justification-- apart from the musical sense it so clearly makes, at least to us-- comes from a piece of oral history: my grandfather, Julius Isserlis, used to play this sonata in Russia with the work's dedicatee, the cellist Anatoly Brandukov. Brandukov, when he wasn't busy flirting outrageously with my grandmother, apparently told my grandfather that Rachmaninov had decided, presumably after publication, that he preferred the fortissimo at this point. Since there has only been one edition of the sonata, this preference has never been documented. I heard about it only because my grandmother, also a pianist, learnt the sonata when she was around eighty, in order to play it with me when I was a little boy; she passed on this nugget of information, and I have to say that I find it entirely convincing.)

Cesar Franck's Sonata, dating from 1886, is another 'voyage of the soul'; again one suspects that personal reasons may have been involved. Cesar Franck was not only a devoted teacher, but also a dutiful husband to a wife whose religion seems to have been more strict than loving. However, morally upright though he undoubtedly was for most of his life, there is reason to believe the rumour-- still floating around after 125 years or so-- that he fell in love with his dashing Irish student Augusta Holmes (also beloved of Saint-Saens, Liszt and many others). 

The chamber work preceding the sonata by some years, Franck's piano Quintet, which marked a dramatic departure in musical style for the erstwhile rather demure composer, seems to have had a strong connection with this romance. It was probably not entirely a coincidence that Saint-Saens behaved appallingly at the premiere, and that Mrs. Franck yelled abuse at her husband's students for allowing Franck to compose such ‘abhorrent’ music!

The Sonata is altogether a more refined work than the quintet, its passion more radiant; but here too one can feel a conflict between the worldly and the sacred. This is expressed in terms of musical intervals, with the minor and major third (generally considered the most expressive intervals in music) tussling for supremacy; this struggle remains unresolved until after the appearance halfway through the Recitativo/Fantasia of a shining theme dominated by the 'pure' intervals of the fourth and the fifth.

As with Rachmaninov's sonata, the last movement is joyous, bells pealing to mark the conclusion to the conflict, in which the sacred appears to have triumphed. (Or perhaps not: a story is told that one student of Franck's was describing the master as a mystic. Another raised his eyebrows: 'A mystic, eh? Go and ask Augusta!' We will never know. At any rate, the end of the sonata is unmistakably triumphant!)

(Another footnote: why play this sonata on the cello? Well, there is some justification. Oral history has it that it was originally conceived as a cello sonata, Franck only changing his mind when he decided to present the sonata to his great friend and 'ideal interpreter', the violinist Ysaye, as a wedding present. Furthermore, the second edition of the sonata, published well within Franck's lifetime-- in fact, a copy exists with a personal dedication by Franck-- describes the sonata as being for violin or cello. So it is not really an arrangement, more of an alternate version.)

The other works on this disc represent the composers' earlier selves-- less concentrated in their powers of expression, perhaps, but still highly recognisable. Rachmaninov's two pieces opus 2 were probably written in 1891, also for Brandukov. The dark warmth of the first and the exotic colors of the second are pure Rachmaninov: the eighteen-year-old was already speaking in his own unique voice. 

The Franck songs show two sides of his personality. Le Sylph written in 1842-3 to words by Alexandre Dumas, is a charming and sensuous example of Franck's early secular style. Panis Angelicus of 1872, on the other hand, one of his most popular works, represents the religious music for which he was best known at that time. Perhaps it sounds somewhat Victorian to modern ears; but the sincerity of Franck's devotion is still touching.

(A last footnote: this version of Panis Angelicus is taken from one of the innumerable arrangements published during Franck's lifetime. Since it lists no arranger's name the arrangement may well be by the composer himself, as he made many of them. We have slightly altered it, however, to bring it closer to the original version, in which the cello takes a more prominent role than the keyboard--very noble of my friend Mr. Hough, I must admit, even if a bottle of good red wine did have to change hands in order to cement the arrangement!!)