2006-12-11 00:56:06Ame.
論文要重做，小朋友要有飽飯食。
份abstract得5分我自己都睇唔過眼同miss講不如重做算(最好笑之前做個topic我全世界搵得三篇夾硬鈬先叫有關係的文章)。爹不停問我論文大綱寫好了沒，今日臨圖書館收工前一個半小時先搵(因為之前要溫retake的科目，明天要考試...這都是自找的。)因為missie月底要出外工幹，所以我限期只得明天(之前仲好不負責任咁甩missie底)，missie、對唔住。
聽鰦人地pre又睇鰦人地鱓abs又偷鰦師，搵鰦4篇好過上次的文章，今次串上次好一點......小朋友真係要食多鱓、食多鱓、食多鱓!!!
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輔 仁 大 學 營 養 科 學 系 B 組
大 四 專 題 討 論
低糧食保障對美國學齡兒童的認知、學習能力和體重增加等影響
講員：○○○
日期：2006/12/10
美國研究顯示，對於「不致飢餓的糧食不足」（food insecurity without hunger）對成長中兒童的發育軌跡 (developmental trajectory)、學習和認知能力、社交技巧、以及傾向過重(overweight)等都有密切關係。現在，「低糧食保障」（low food security）已取代「糧食不足」(Food insecurity)一詞。研究人員對在1998年入學幼稚園的21000名兒童進行3學年的個案追蹤研究及世代研究；以修改過的USDA模型，對家長訪談並測量低糧食保障的程度。每戶以學童3學年內出現低糧食保障的次數分等級，受試學童的學習表現、身高及體重等都直接量度；而學童的社交技巧都會由他們的老師匯報。分析結果經整合學童和其家庭的變量而歸納出幾個固定影響模型(fixed-effects models)，結果顯示並預計出低糧食保障伴隨著兒童發育軌跡傾向不良或變差。另外對第三次的National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 中6-11歲兒童的數據進行認知、學習能力以及心理社會 (psychosocial) 進行分析，並分為低危險及高危險組。結果顯示出低糧食保障的學童在算術及學習表現明顯較糧食充足的兒童差，在經心理學家診斷後得出他們的社交方面的能力也較弱。同時亦有研究經分析數據後，指出在低糧食保障的學童有傾向過重(overweight)或肥胖的的比率；而在實施營養早/午餐及食物券的補助後，參加此計劃者亦得到良好的改善。綜合上述，糧食不足(Food insecurity) (現以低糧食保障（low food security）代之)是對兒童生長軌,跡、學習及認知能力、社交及傾向肥胖因子的一個重要指標，對兒童生長發育，智力及心理等有後續發展性的影響。
1. Jyoti DF, Frongillo4 EA and Jones SJ (2005) Food insecurity affects school children’s academic performance, weight gain, and social skills. J Nutr 135:2831-2839.
2. Alaimo K, Olson CM, and Frongillo EA Jr (2001) Food insufficiency and american school-aged children’s cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatr 108: 4-53.
3. Casey PH, Mda and Simpson PM (2006) The association of shild and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatr 118:1406-1413.
4. Jones SJ, Jahns L and Laraia BA (2003) Lower risk of overweight in school-aged food insecure girls who participate in food assistance. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 157:780-784.
Lower Risk of Overweight in School-aged Food Insecure Girls Who Participate in Food Assis
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/157/8/780
Food Insecurity Affects School Children’s Academic Performance, Weight Gain, and Social Skills
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/135/12/2831
Food Insufficiency and American School-Aged Children’s Cognitive, Academic, and Psychosocial Development
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/108/1/44
The Association of Child and Household Food Insecurity With Childhood Overweight Status
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/5/e1406
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U.S. agency changes ”hunger” to ”very low food security”
By Elizabeth Williamson
The Washington Post
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003432992_hunger16.html
WASHINGTON — The U.S. government has vowed that Americans will never be hungry again. But they may experience ”very low food security.”
Every year, the Agriculture Department issues a report that measures Americans’ access to food, and it has consistently used the word ”hunger” in connection with those who can least afford to put food on the table. But not this year.
Mark Nord, the lead author of the report, said ”hunger” is ”not a scientifically accurate term for the specific phenomenon being measured in the food security survey.” Nord, an Agriculture Department sociologist, said, ”We don’t have a measure of that condition.”
The department said that 12 percent of Americans — 35 million people — could not put food on the table at least part of last year. Eleven million of them reported going hungry at times. Beginning this year, the Agriculture Department has determined ”very low food security” to be a more scientifically palatable description for that group.
The United States has set a goal of reducing the proportion of food-insecure households to 6 percent or less by 2010, or half the 1995 level, but it has proved difficult. The number of hungry Americans has risen over the past five years, and last year, the share of food-insecure households stood at 11 percent.
Less vexing has been the effort to fix the way hunger is described. Three years ago, the department asked the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies ”to ensure that the measurement methods USDA uses to assess households’ access — or lack of access — to adequate food and the language used to describe those conditions are conceptually and operationally sound.”
The panel suggested that the Agriculture Department scrap the word ”hunger,” which ”should refer to a potential consequence of food insecurity that, because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond the usual uneasy sensation.”
To measure hunger, the department determined, the government would have to ask individual people whether ”lack of eating led to these more severe conditions,” as opposed to asking who can afford to keep food in the house, Nord said.
It is not likely that Agriculture Department economists will tackle measuring individual hunger. ”Hunger is clearly an important issue,” Nord said. ”But lacking a widespread consensus on what the word ’hunger’ should refer to, it’s difficult for research to shed meaningful light on it.”
Anti-hunger advocates say the new words sugarcoat a national shame. ”The proposal to remove the word ’hunger’ from our official reports is a huge disservice to the millions of Americans who struggle daily to feed themselves and their families,” said David Beckmann, president of Bread for the World, an anti-hunger advocacy group.
”We ... cannot hide the reality of hunger among our citizens.”
U.S. agency changes ”hunger” to ”very low food security”
By Elizabeth Williamson
The Washington Post
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003432992_hunger16.html
WASHINGTON — The U.S. government has vowed that Americans will never be hungry again. But they may experience ”very low food security.”
Every year, the Agriculture Department issues a report that measures Americans’ access to food, and it has consistently used the word ”hunger” in connection with those who can least afford to put food on the table. But not this year.
Mark Nord, the lead author of the report, said ”hunger” is ”not a scientifically accurate term for the specific phenomenon being measured in the food security survey.” Nord, an Agriculture Department sociologist, said, ”We don’t have a measure of that condition.”
The department said that 12 percent of Americans — 35 million people — could not put food on the table at least part of last year. Eleven million of them reported going hungry at times. Beginning this year, the Agriculture Department has determined ”very low food security” to be a more scientifically palatable description for that group.
The United States has set a goal of reducing the proportion of food-insecure households to 6 percent or less by 2010, or half the 1995 level, but it has proved difficult. The number of hungry Americans has risen over the past five years, and last year, the share of food-insecure households stood at 11 percent.
Less vexing has been the effort to fix the way hunger is described. Three years ago, the department asked the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies ”to ensure that the measurement methods USDA uses to assess households’ access — or lack of access — to adequate food and the language used to describe those conditions are conceptually and operationally sound.”
The panel suggested that the Agriculture Department scrap the word ”hunger,” which ”should refer to a potential consequence of food insecurity that, because of prolonged, involuntary lack of food, results in discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain that goes beyond the usual uneasy sensation.”
To measure hunger, the department determined, the government would have to ask individual people whether ”lack of eating led to these more severe conditions,” as opposed to asking who can afford to keep food in the house, Nord said.
It is not likely that Agriculture Department economists will tackle measuring individual hunger. ”Hunger is clearly an important issue,” Nord said. ”But lacking a widespread consensus on what the word ’hunger’ should refer to, it’s difficult for research to shed meaningful light on it.”
Anti-hunger advocates say the new words sugarcoat a national shame. ”The proposal to remove the word ’hunger’ from our official reports is a huge disservice to the millions of Americans who struggle daily to feed themselves and their families,” said David Beckmann, president of Bread for the World, an anti-hunger advocacy group.
”We ... cannot hide the reality of hunger among our citizens.”
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美國已「沒有」飢餓了
29/11/2006
文： 辛斯
美國政府和政客們的文字遊戲出現氾濫之勢，例如美國政府有關國內飢貧情況的最新報告中，竟然再看不見「飢餓」（hunger）一詞了。難道美國已經成功地「make poverty history」，完全解決了國內的飢餓問題？非也。
原來是美國農業部的顧問認為，「飢餓」一詞的意思是「因為糧食不足而可能導致的個人程度生理狀況」，即是「因為在持續、非自願的情況下缺乏食物，而導致比通常之不適感覺更甚的不適、病患、虛弱或痛苦」。農業部官員聽完覺得「又係喎！」—只有人會餓，家庭才不會餓呢！
農業部調查的只是家庭，只能找出哪個家庭糧食不足，卻分辨不出誰正飢腸轆轆，又豈能測出飢餓程度？於是他們就「撥亂反正」，用「低糧食保障」（low food security）和「非常低糧食保障」（very low food security），取代以前沿用的「不涉飢餓的糧食不足」（food insecurity without hunger）和「涉及飢餓的糧食不足」（food insecurity with hunger）來描述國內的飢貧問題，此之謂「技術正確」。
美國已「沒有」飢餓了
29/11/2006
文： 辛斯
美國政府和政客們的文字遊戲出現氾濫之勢，例如美國政府有關國內飢貧情況的最新報告中，竟然再看不見「飢餓」（hunger）一詞了。難道美國已經成功地「make poverty history」，完全解決了國內的飢餓問題？非也。
原來是美國農業部的顧問認為，「飢餓」一詞的意思是「因為糧食不足而可能導致的個人程度生理狀況」，即是「因為在持續、非自願的情況下缺乏食物，而導致比通常之不適感覺更甚的不適、病患、虛弱或痛苦」。農業部官員聽完覺得「又係喎！」—只有人會餓，家庭才不會餓呢！
農業部調查的只是家庭，只能找出哪個家庭糧食不足，卻分辨不出誰正飢腸轆轆，又豈能測出飢餓程度？於是他們就「撥亂反正」，用「低糧食保障」（low food security）和「非常低糧食保障」（very low food security），取代以前沿用的「不涉飢餓的糧食不足」（food insecurity without hunger）和「涉及飢餓的糧食不足」（food insecurity with hunger）來描述國內的飢貧問題，此之謂「技術正確」。
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