Important information
You should not take warfarin if you have a bleeding disorder, blood in your urine or stools, stomach bleeding, an infection of the lining of your heart, bleeding in your brain, recent or upcoming surgery, or if you need a spinal tap or epidural. Do not take warfarin if you cannot take it on time every day.
Do not use warfarin if you are pregnant, unless your doctor tells you to.
While using warfarin, you will need frequent "INR" or prothrombin time tests to measure your blood-clotting time.
Warfarin increases your risk of bleeding, which can be severe or life-threatening. Call your doctor or seek emergency medical attention if you have bleeding that will not stop, if you have black or bloody stools, or if you cough up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.
Many drugs can cause serious medical problems when used with warfarin. Tell your doctor about all medicines you have recently used.
Usual Adult Dose for Congestive Heart Failure
Initial: 2 to 5 mg orally or intravenously once a day for 1 to 2 days, then adjust dose according to results of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time (PT).
Maintenance: the usual maintenance dose ranges from 2 to 10 mg orally or intravenously once a day.
Usual Adult Dose for Thromboembolic Stroke Prophylaxis
Initial: 2 to 5 mg orally or intravenously once a day for 1 to 2 days, then adjust dose according to results of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time (PT).
Maintenance: the usual maintenance dose ranges from 2 to 10 mg orally or intravenously once a day.
Prothrombin Time ; PT
中文名稱:
凝血脢原時間
臨床用途:
PT 的用途在評估外在因子凝血系統 (extrinsic system) 及一般凝血路徑 (commom pathway) 是否正常。它可直接測定 Factor I、II、V、VII、X 的凝血功能,其中任何一個發生缺陷,都會造成 PT 延長。PT 在臨床上使用最多的時機是監控抗凝血藥物的療效,例如監控 warfarin (coumarin)、dicumarol 等藥物治療,一旦控制不佳,可能發生出血或栓塞等嚴重後果。 PT 還可用來評估擴散性血管內凝集 (DIC)、及維生素 K 缺乏症。
Prothrombin 由肝臟合成,並在 thromboplastin 的作用下轉變成 thrombin,為血液凝固的必須物質。因此在肝臟疾病時,肝細胞無法合成 prothrombin,導致 PT 時間延長。
PT 的檢驗不僅要報告檢體測試的結果,還要報告對照血漿 (control plasma) 的測試結果,以利醫師比對。如果醫師認為有必要,還需將結果換算成 INR 值,以利抗凝血藥物療效的追蹤。
有關 INR 值的說明:
長期服用抗凝血藥物治療的患者須定期監控 PT,以防止劑量過高造成出血或劑量不足形成血栓。然而不同廠牌的儀器及試藥測定出來的 PT 皆不盡相同,造成療效監控上的困擾。因此在 1980 年代,世界衛生組織 (WHO) 提供標準檢體給各儀器試藥製造商要求進行 PT 的測試比較,校正出各廠牌的 ISI 值 (International Sensitivity Index),日後檢體可經由 ISI 的計算求出 INR 值 (International Normalized Ratio)。藉由這樣的方法 計算 INR 值,可減少各實驗室間因方法及試藥不同所產生的差異。
INR = [患者的測定結果 / 正常人的平均結果](ISI)
健保代碼:
08026C
正常參考值:
10.6 ~ 12.4 秒 (不同試藥廠牌會有很大的差異) 或 0.8 ~ 1.4 INR。
使用抗凝血藥物治療時,正常參考值約為 1.5 ~ 2.0 倍的 control plasma 秒數,或 2.0 ~ 3.0 INR。