美國近30年來整體之矯正監督狀況
本站訊
美國機構處遇的人數從80年代初期的50萬，歷經10年成為100萬，再經10年成為200萬，自此維持在220幾萬；社區處遇的人數，則是從80年代初期的133萬，短短3年即升破200萬，1990年即已突破300萬，自此一路飇升到2000年的450萬，2006年的500萬，然後持平。對於機構處遇的運用，一直保持在3成左右；對於社區處遇的運用，則始終維持在7成以上[1]。
美國矯正監督人口一覽表[2]
年度 | 拘留所 | 監獄 | 假釋 | 保護管束(緩刑) | 合計 | 機構處遇 | 比例 | 社區處遇 | 比例 |
1980 | 182,288 | 319,598 | 220,438 | 1,118,097 | 1,840,400 | 501,886 | 27% | 1,338,535 | 73% |
1981 | 195,085 | 360,029 | 225,539 | 1,225,934 | 2,006,600 | 555,114 | 28% | 1,451,473 | 72% |
1982 | 207,853 | 402,914 | 224,604 | 1,357,264 | 2,192,600 | 610,767 | 28% | 1,581,868 | 72% |
1983 | 221,815 | 423,898 | 246,440 | 1,582,947 | 2,475,100 | 645,713 | 26% | 1,829,387 | 74% |
1984 | 233,018 | 448,264 | 266,992 | 1,740,948 | 2,689,200 | 681,282 | 25% | 2,007,940 | 75% |
1985 | 254,986 | 487,593 | 300,203 | 1,968,712 | 3,011,500 | 742,579 | 25% | 2,268,915 | 75% |
1986 | 272,736 | 526,436 | 325,638 | 2,114,621 | 3,239,400 | 799,172 | 25% | 2,440,259 | 75% |
1987 | 294,092 | 562,814 | 355,505 | 2,247,158 | 3,459,600 | 856,906 | 25% | 2,602,663 | 75% |
1988 | 341,893 | 607,766 | 407,977 | 2,356,483 | 3,714,100 | 949,659 | 26% | 2,764,460 | 74% |
1989 | 393,303 | 683,367 | 456,803 | 2,522,125 | 4,055,600 | 1,076,670 | 27% | 2,978,928 | 73% |
1990 | 403,019 | 743,382 | 531,407 | 2,670,234 | 4,348,000 | 1,146,401 | 26% | 3,201,641 | 74% |
1991 | 424,129 | 792,535 | 590,442 | 2,728,472 | 4,535,600 | 1,216,664 | 27% | 3,318,914 | 73% |
1992 | 441,780 | 850,566 | 658,601 | 2,811,611 | 4,762,600 | 1,292,346 | 27% | 3,470,212 | 73% |
1993 | 455,500 | 909,381 | 676,100 | 2,903,061 | 4,944,000 | 1,364,881 | 28% | 3,579,161 | 72% |
1994 | 479,800 | 990,147 | 690,371 | 2,981,022 | 5,141,300 | 1,469,947 | 29% | 3,671,393 | 71% |
1995 | 499,300 | 1,078,542 | 679,421 | 3,077,861 | 5,335,100 | 1,577,842 | 30% | 3,757,282 | 70% |
1996 | 510,400 | 1,127,528 | 679,733 | 3,164,996 | 5,482,700 | 1,637,928 | 30% | 3,844,729 | 70% |
1997 | 557,974 | 1,176,564 | 694,787 | 3,296,513 | 5,725,800 | 1,734,538 | 30% | 3,991,300 | 70% |
1998 | 584,372 | 1,224,469 | 696,385 | 3,670,441 | 6,126,100 | 1,808,841 | 30% | 4,366,826 | 71% |
1999 | 596,485 | 1,287,172 | 714,457 | 3,779,922 | 6,331,400 | 1,883,657 | 30% | 4,494,379 | 71% |
2000 | 613,534 | 1,316,333 | 723,898 | 3,826,209 | 6,437,400 | 1,929,867 | 30% | 4,550,107 | 71% |
2001 | 623,628 | 1,330,007 | 732,333 | 3,931,731 | 6,574,100 | 1,953,635 | 30% | 4,664,064 | 71% |
2002 | 658,228 | 1,367,547 | 750,934 | 4,024,067 | 6,750,500 | 2,025,775 | 30% | 4,775,001 | 71% |
2003 | 684,431 | 1,390,279 | 769,925 | 4,120,012 | 6,917,700 | 2,074,710 | 30% | 4,889,937 | 71% |
2004 | 706,907 | 1,421,345 | 771,852 | 4,143,792 | 6,987,900 | 2,128,252 | 30% | 4,915,644 | 70% |
2005 | 740,770 | 1,448,344 | 780,616 | 4,166,757 | 7,045,100 | 2,189,114 | 31% | 4,947,373 | 70% |
2006 | 759,717 | 1,492,973 | 799,875 | 4,215,361 | 7,176,000 | 2,252,690 | 31% | 5,015,236 | 70% |
2007 | 773,341 | 1,517,867 | 821,177 | 4,234,471 | 7,267,500 | 2,291,208 | 32% | 5,055,648 | 70% |
2008 | 777,852 | 1,522,834 | 824,834 | 4,244,046 | 7,274,600 | 2,300,686 | 32% | 5,068,880 | 70% |
2009 | 760,400 | 1,524,513 | 819,308 | 4,203,967 | 7,225,800 | 2,284,913 | 32% | 5,023,275 | 70% |
註：1.拘留所，指地方拘留所（local jails）；監獄指聯邦監獄（Federal prisons）及州監獄（State prisons）。
2.資料來源：美國司法部統計局（bureau of justice statistics u.s. department of justice）。
probationology的相簿
[1] 美國司法部統計局（bureau of justice statistics u.s. department of justice）網站http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov，2011年8月2日瀏覽。
[2]美國司法部統計局（bureau of justice statistics u.s. department of justice）網站 “ Probation and Parole in the United States, 2009”, http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2233；Lauren E. Glaze & Thomas P. Bonczar, “Probation and Parole in the United States, 2008” , U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2009, NCJ 228230, p.1.