2010-04-01 11:08:21IT肥蝦

如何融會貫通PMBOK的T&T(續)

    自從上週肥蝦不慚的發表了自己以對應於PMBOK架構的Tools and Techniques整合瞭解法之後,有幾位朋友紛紛鼓勵我繼續TT分類的工作。肥蝦不得不再三解釋:「此觀念其實是因為肥蝦已經年老體胖,對於記憶性的背頌已是力有未逮,因此當初於閱覽PMBOK之際,所想出的笨方法。」因此就如上篇所強調的:「Infrastructure是一個概括性的輪廓,TT的六個分類也不是絕對區別。∙∙∙協助在有限的時間之下,減少所耗費的精力,通過PMP的考試。」方法是藉由TT的屬性設法跟Process連結,強調理解的能力,而不是記憶。目標僅只是強調通過考試,而不是拿高分。只是後來在不斷充實自我的專案管理技能與知識之時,發現這架構也有可取的一面。

以下,肥蝦就稍為將-判斷、分析、估算、圖化、計算、檢核-這六個TT分類的內容與項目,加以概括的說明。以免讓朋友們誤以為肥蝦真的是一個只會【唬爛】的Franklin。不過說真格的,肥蝦是定義TT的六個分類是針對實作的部份,真正完整的架構應該是如下圖啦!(被激的吐出來了)



     就如
PMBOK所闡述的專案管理的progressive elaboration特性,以及PMBOK對每種工具和技術的基本說明,對應到個人以往有限的經驗與知識,當然再配合點肥蝦的【唬爛】功力,把六個分類進行自我擴展的解釋,而其目的不外是設法減少分類的類別,以便於融入至PMBOK的五大流程。但是因為溝通(包含對利害關係人、專案團隊)的工具和技術,就是人家所謂的「專案管理百分之九十的時間都在溝通。」印證肥蝦個人的淺薄經驗,溝通的進行可說貫穿整體的專案流程,因此把它們單獨獨立出來。

肥蝦對於六個類別的解釋與Tools and Techniques如下表,還請各位看倌不要以嚴謹的定義看待肥蝦的分類。

類別

解釋

判斷

人為主觀的認知,憑藉特定人已有的經驗、知識、技能,進行專案目標的釐清與統整的工作。

分析

應用理論的架構與工具,將【判斷】所得的資料,進一步進行專案目標與內涵的確認。

估算

利用數量化工具與模型,將專案內涵進一步予以量化的概估。

圖化

利用圖形工具,根據量化資料予以圖形表示。

計算

利用特定數學公式,進行運算後得出專案的過去、現在、未來可能的狀態。

檢核

重點在於根據特定的標準,驗證專案特定或整合的狀態。

根據以上的TT,加上唬爛為促進的動力,推使專案往完成目標邁進。

以下分別說明工具和技術類別的重點與包含項目,但必須再次強調:「這僅是肥蝦自我理解的方法。」

()判斷類

在整合知識領域(第四章),都要有專案全貌的去思考。此外,需求因人而生,也需要有人去滿足需求。專案經理必須以經驗、知識、技能,進行判斷,因此如何找到對的人(第十章),問到對的話(第五章),知道要的基本要求(第八章),判別可能的風險(第十一章),再設法找到對的人去完成(第九章)

4.1.2.1

Expert Judgment

10.1.2.1

Stakeholder Analysis

10.1.2.2

Expert Judgment

4.2.2.1

Expert Judgment

5.1.2.1

Interviews

5.1.2.2

Focus Groups

5.1.2.3

Facilitated Workshops

5.1.2.4

Group Creativity Techniques

5.1.2.5

Group Decision Making Techniques

5.1.2.6

Questionnaires and Surveys

5.1.2.7

Observations

5.2.2.1

Expert Judgment

5.2.2.4

Facilitated Workshops

6.1.2.4

Expert Judgment

6.3.2.1

Expert Judgment

6.4.2.1

Expert Judgment

7.1.2.1

Expert Judgment

7.2.2.3

Expert Judgment

8.1.2.8

Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies

8.1.2.9

Additional Quality Planning Tools

9.1.2.2

Networking

9.1.2.3

Organizational Theory

11.2.2.7

Expert Judgment

11.3.2.6

Expert Judgment

11.4.2.3

Expert Judgment

11.5.2.4

Expert Judgment

12.1.2.2

Expert Judgment

4.3.2.1

Expert Judgment

9.2.2.1

Pre-Assignment

9.2.2.3

Acquisition

9.2.2.4

Virtual Teams

9.3.2.5

Co-Location

12.2.2.4

Expert Judgment

12.2.2.6

Internet Search

4.4.2.1

Expert Judgment

4.5.2.1

Expert Judgment

4.6.2.1

Expert Judgment

()分析類

分析的重點就在設法把判斷轉換為實際可執行的專案管理計畫,因此除了第四章整合知識領域不會有之外,其他各知識領域都會有,在五大程序中主要落在planning程序大類。此外,專案的執行結果也必須用分析進一步了解專案的狀態-範圍、時間、成本、風險-並將分析結果呈現給利害關係人。

5.1.2.8

Prototypes

5.2.2.2

Product Analysis

5.2.2.3

Alternatives Identification

5.3.2.1

Decomposition

6.1.2.1

Decomposition

6.1.2.2

Rolling Wave Planning

6.1.2.3

Templates

6.2.2.2

Dependency Determination

6.2.2.3

Applying Leads and Lags

6.2.2.4

Schedule Network Templates

6.3.2.2

Alternatives Analysis

6.4.2.5

Reserve Analysis

6.5.2.1

Schedule Network Analysis

6.5.2.2

Critical Path Method

6.5.2.3

Critical Chain Method

6.5.2.5

What-If Scenario Analysis

6.5.2.6

Applying Leads and Lags

6.5.2.7

Schedule Compression

7.1.2.6

Reserve Analysis

7.1.2.9

Vendor Bid Analysis

7.2.2.2

Reserve Analysis

8.1.2.1

Cost-Benefit Analysis

8.1.2.4

Benchmarking

8.1.2.5

Design of Experiments

8.1.2.6

Statistical Sampling

9.1.2.1

Organization Charts and Position Descriptions

10.2.2.1

Communications Requirements Analysis

11.1.2.1

Planning Meetings and Analysis

11.2.2.1

Documentation Reviews

11.2.2.2

Information Gathering Techniques

11.2.2.3

Checklist analysis

11.2.2.4

Assumptions Analysis

11.2.2.6

SWOT analysis

11.3.2.1

Risk Probability and Impact Assessment

11.3.2.2

Probability and Impact Matrix

11.3.2.3

Risk Data Quality Assessment

11.3.2.4

Risk Categorization

11.3.2.5

Risk Urgency Assessment

11.4.2.2

Quantitative Risk Analysis and Modeling Techniques

12.1.2.1

Make-or-Buy Analysis

12.1.2.3

Contract Types

8.2.2.3

Process Analysis

12.2.2.2

Proposal Evaluation Techniques

5.5.2.1

Variance Analysis

6.6.2.2

Variance Analysis

6.6.2.5

What-If Scenario Analysis

7.3.2.5

Variance Analysis

10.5.2.1

Variance Analysis

11.6.2.3

Variance and Trend Analysis

11.6.2.5

Reserve Analysis

()估算類

分析完後當然就要進一步根據分析結果,考量所需要的時間跟成本(必須提醒您品質是要花錢的,風險更是要花錢的。)

6.3.2.3

Published Estimating Data

6.3.2.4

Bottom-Up Estimating

6.3.2.5

Project Management Software

6.4.2.2

Analogous Estimating

6.4.2.3

Parametric Estimating

6.4.2.4

Three-Point Estimates

6.5.2.4

Resource Leveling

6.5.2.8

Scheduling Tool

7.1.2.2

Analogous Estimating

7.1.2.3

Parametric Estimating

7.1.2.4

Bottom-Up Estimating

7.1.2.5

Three-Point Estimates

7.1.2.7

Cost of Quality

7.1.2.8

Project Management Estimating Software

7.2.2.1

Cost Aggregation

7.2.2.4

Historical Relationships

8.1.2.2

Cost of Quality

11.5.2.1

Strategies for Negative Risks or Threats

11.5.2.2

Strategies for Positive Risks or Opportunities

11.5.2.3

Contingent Response Strategy

12.2.2.3

Independent Estimates

6.6.2.4

Resource Leveling

()圖化類

人說「文不如表,表不如圖。」因此以圖形顯示專案的估算與進度,才能顯示出專案經理的價值。(附帶一點,PMBOK的圖化工具重點落在Project schedule network diagram跟品質管控的部份。)

6.2.2.1

Precedence Diagramming Method

8.1.2.3

Control Charts

8.1.2.7

Flowcharting

11.2.2.5

Diagramming Techniques

8.3.2.1

Cause And Effect Diagram

8.3.2.2

Control Charts

8.3.2.3

Flowcharting

8.3.2.4

Histrogram

8.3.2.5

Pareto Chart

8.3.2.6

Run Chart

8.3.2.7

Scatter Diagram

()計算類

莫忘earned value可是PMI大力吹捧的以金錢表示專案狀態、進度、預測與風險管控的計算工具,計算的結果當然要給利害關係人看囉!

7.3.2.1

Earned Value Management

7.3.2.2

Forecasting

7.3.2.3

To-Complete Performance Index

10.5.2.2

Forecasting Methods

11.6.2.4

Technical Performance Measurement

()檢核類

檢核當然就是Monitoring and Controlling的重要工具了!

4.3.2.2

Project Management Information System

8.2.2.1

Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques

8.2.2.2

Quality Audits

9.4.2.4

Issue Log

5.4.2.1

Inspection

6.6.2.1

Performance Reviews

6.6.2.3

Project Management Software

6.6.2.6

Adjusting Leads and Lags

6.6.2.7

Schedule Compression

6.6.2.8

Scheduling Tool

7.3.2.4

Performance Reviews

7.3.2.6

Project Management Software

8.3.2.8

Statistical Sampling

8.3.2.9

Inspection

8.3.2.10

Approved Change Requests Review

10.5.2.4

Reporting System

11.6.2.1

Risk Reassessment

11.6.2.2

Risk Audits

11.6.2.6

Status Meetings

12.3.2.1

Contract Change Control System

12.3.2.2

Procurement Performance Reviews

12.3.2.3

Inspections and Audits

12.3.2.4

Performance Reporting

12.3.2.5

Payment Systems

12.3.2.6

Claims Administration

12.3.2.7

Records Management System

4.5.2.2

Change Control Meetings

12.4.2.1

Procurement Audits

12.4.2.2

Negotiated Settlements

12.4.2.3

Records Management System

再加上唬爛一類:

唬爛的先決條件是要知道唬爛的對象,對象的種類包含利害關係人(第十章),專案團隊成員(第九章),外包協力廠商(第九章)

7.2.2.5

Funding Limit  Reconciliation

10.2.2.2

Communications Technology

10.2.2.3

Communication Models

10.2.2.4

Communication Methods

11.4.2.1

Data Gathering and Representation Techniques

9.2.2.2

Negotiation

9.3.2.1

Interpersonal Skills

9.3.2.2

Training

9.3.2.3

Team-Building Activities

9.3.2.4

Ground Rules

9.3.2.6

Recognition and Rewards

9.4.2.1

Observation and Conversation

9.4.2.2

Project Performance Appraisals

9.4.2.3

Conflict Management

9.4.2.5

Interpersonal Skills

10.3.2.1

Communication Methods

10.3.2.2

Information Distribution Tools

10.4.2.1

Communication Methods

10.4.2.2

Interpersonal Skills

10.4.2.3

Management Skills

12.2.2.1

Bidder Conferences

12.2.2.5

Advertising

12.2.2.7

Procurement Negotiations

10.5.2.3

Communication Methods

以上是基於自己的體會,初淺的作了TT分類,若再加上對每個Process的目地,想想可能需要的工具,依肥蝦的經驗,TT項目在一眼中可判別落在那一個Process的正確率有九十%或以上,反正PMP的考試全部都是選擇題,又是單選,因此理解比背誦,在應付考題上會有更大的成功機率。