如何融會貫通PMBOK的T&T(續)
自從上週肥蝦不慚的發表了自己以對應於PMBOK架構的Tools and Techniques整合瞭解法之後,有幾位朋友紛紛鼓勵我繼續TT分類的工作。肥蝦不得不再三解釋:「此觀念其實是因為肥蝦已經年老體胖,對於記憶性的背頌已是力有未逮,因此當初於閱覽PMBOK之際,所想出的笨方法。」因此就如上篇所強調的:「這Infrastructure是一個概括性的輪廓,TT的六個分類也不是絕對區別。∙∙∙協助在有限的時間之下,減少所耗費的精力,通過PMP的考試。」方法是藉由TT的屬性設法跟Process連結,強調理解的能力,而不是記憶。目標僅只是強調通過考試,而不是拿高分。只是後來在不斷充實自我的專案管理技能與知識之時,發現這架構也有可取的一面。
以下,肥蝦就稍為將-判斷、分析、估算、圖化、計算、檢核-這六個TT分類的內容與項目,加以概括的說明。以免讓朋友們誤以為肥蝦真的是一個只會【唬爛】的Franklin。不過說真格的,肥蝦是定義TT的六個分類是針對實作的部份,真正完整的架構應該是如下圖啦!(被激的吐出來了)
就如PMBOK所闡述的專案管理的progressive elaboration特性,以及PMBOK對每種工具和技術的基本說明,對應到個人以往有限的經驗與知識,當然再配合點肥蝦的【唬爛】功力,把六個分類進行自我擴展的解釋,而其目的不外是設法減少分類的類別,以便於融入至PMBOK的五大流程。但是因為溝通(包含對利害關係人、專案團隊)的工具和技術,就是人家所謂的「專案管理百分之九十的時間都在溝通。」印證肥蝦個人的淺薄經驗,溝通的進行可說貫穿整體的專案流程,因此把它們單獨獨立出來。
肥蝦對於六個類別的解釋與Tools and Techniques如下表,還請各位看倌不要以嚴謹的定義看待肥蝦的分類。
類別 | 解釋 |
判斷 | 人為主觀的認知,憑藉特定人已有的經驗、知識、技能,進行專案目標的釐清與統整的工作。 |
分析 | 應用理論的架構與工具,將【判斷】所得的資料,進一步進行專案目標與內涵的確認。 |
估算 | 利用數量化工具與模型,將專案內涵進一步予以量化的概估。 |
圖化 | 利用圖形工具,根據量化資料予以圖形表示。 |
計算 | 利用特定數學公式,進行運算後得出專案的過去、現在、未來可能的狀態。 |
檢核 | 重點在於根據特定的標準,驗證專案特定或整合的狀態。 |
根據以上的TT,加上唬爛為促進的動力,推使專案往完成目標邁進。
以下分別說明工具和技術類別的重點與包含項目,但必須再次強調:「這僅是肥蝦自我理解的方法。」
(一)判斷類
在整合知識領域(第四章),都要有專案全貌的去思考。此外,需求因人而生,也需要有人去滿足需求。專案經理必須以經驗、知識、技能,進行判斷,因此如何找到對的人(第十章),問到對的話(第五章),知道要的基本要求(第八章),判別可能的風險(第十一章),再設法找到對的人去完成(第九章),
Expert Judgment | |
Stakeholder Analysis | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Interviews | |
Focus Groups | |
Facilitated Workshops | |
Group Creativity Techniques | |
Group Decision Making Techniques | |
Questionnaires and Surveys | |
Observations | |
Expert Judgment | |
Facilitated Workshops | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies | |
Additional Quality Planning Tools | |
Networking | |
Organizational Theory | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Pre-Assignment | |
Acquisition | |
Virtual Teams | |
Co-Location | |
Expert Judgment | |
Internet Search | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment | |
Expert Judgment |
(二)分析類
分析的重點就在設法把判斷轉換為實際可執行的專案管理計畫,因此除了第四章整合知識領域不會有之外,其他各知識領域都會有,在五大程序中主要落在planning程序大類。此外,專案的執行結果也必須用分析進一步了解專案的狀態-範圍、時間、成本、風險-並將分析結果呈現給利害關係人。
Prototypes | |
Product Analysis | |
Alternatives Identification | |
Decomposition | |
Decomposition | |
Rolling Wave Planning | |
Templates | |
Dependency Determination | |
Applying Leads and Lags | |
Schedule Network Templates | |
Alternatives Analysis | |
Reserve Analysis | |
Schedule Network Analysis | |
Critical Path Method | |
Critical Chain Method | |
What-If Scenario Analysis | |
Applying Leads and Lags | |
Schedule Compression | |
Reserve Analysis | |
Vendor Bid Analysis | |
Reserve Analysis | |
Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
Benchmarking | |
Design of Experiments | |
Statistical Sampling | |
Organization Charts and Position Descriptions | |
Communications Requirements Analysis | |
Planning Meetings and Analysis | |
Documentation Reviews | |
Information Gathering Techniques | |
Checklist analysis | |
Assumptions Analysis | |
SWOT analysis | |
Risk Probability and Impact Assessment | |
Probability and Impact Matrix | |
Risk Data Quality Assessment | |
Risk Categorization | |
Risk Urgency Assessment | |
Quantitative Risk Analysis and Modeling Techniques | |
Make-or-Buy Analysis | |
Contract Types | |
Process Analysis | |
Proposal Evaluation Techniques | |
Variance Analysis | |
Variance Analysis | |
What-If Scenario Analysis | |
Variance Analysis | |
Variance Analysis | |
Variance and Trend Analysis | |
Reserve Analysis |
(三)估算類
分析完後當然就要進一步根據分析結果,考量所需要的時間跟成本(必須提醒您品質是要花錢的,風險更是要花錢的。)
Published Estimating Data | |
Bottom-Up Estimating | |
Project Management Software | |
Analogous Estimating | |
Parametric Estimating | |
Three-Point Estimates | |
Resource Leveling | |
Scheduling Tool | |
Analogous Estimating | |
Parametric Estimating | |
Bottom-Up Estimating | |
Three-Point Estimates | |
Cost of Quality | |
Project Management Estimating Software | |
Cost Aggregation | |
Historical Relationships | |
Cost of Quality | |
Strategies for Negative Risks or Threats | |
Strategies for Positive Risks or Opportunities | |
Contingent Response Strategy | |
Independent Estimates | |
Resource Leveling |
(四)圖化類
人說「文不如表,表不如圖。」因此以圖形顯示專案的估算與進度,才能顯示出專案經理的價值。(附帶一點,PMBOK的圖化工具重點落在Project schedule network diagram跟品質管控的部份。)
Precedence Diagramming Method | |
Control Charts | |
Flowcharting | |
Diagramming Techniques | |
Cause And Effect Diagram | |
Control Charts | |
Flowcharting | |
Histrogram | |
Pareto Chart | |
Run Chart | |
Scatter Diagram |
(五)計算類
莫忘earned value可是PMI大力吹捧的以金錢表示專案狀態、進度、預測與風險管控的計算工具,計算的結果當然要給利害關係人看囉!
Earned Value Management | |
Forecasting | |
To-Complete Performance Index | |
Forecasting Methods | |
Technical Performance Measurement |
(六)檢核類
檢核當然就是Monitoring and Controlling的重要工具了!
Project Management Information System | |
Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques | |
Quality Audits | |
Issue Log | |
Inspection | |
Performance Reviews | |
Project Management Software | |
Adjusting Leads and Lags | |
Schedule Compression | |
Scheduling Tool | |
Performance Reviews | |
Project Management Software | |
Statistical Sampling | |
Inspection | |
Approved Change Requests Review | |
Reporting System | |
Risk Reassessment | |
Risk Audits | |
Status Meetings | |
Contract Change Control System | |
Procurement Performance Reviews | |
Inspections and Audits | |
Performance Reporting | |
Payment Systems | |
Claims Administration | |
Records Management System | |
Change Control Meetings | |
Procurement Audits | |
Negotiated Settlements | |
Records Management System |
再加上唬爛一類:
唬爛的先決條件是要知道唬爛的對象,對象的種類包含利害關係人(第十章),專案團隊成員(第九章),外包協力廠商(第九章)。
Funding Limit Reconciliation | |
Communications Technology | |
Communication Models | |
Communication Methods | |
Data Gathering and Representation Techniques | |
Negotiation | |
Interpersonal Skills | |
Training | |
Team-Building Activities | |
Ground Rules | |
Recognition and Rewards | |
Observation and Conversation | |
Project Performance Appraisals | |
Conflict Management | |
Interpersonal Skills | |
Communication Methods | |
Information Distribution Tools | |
Communication Methods | |
Interpersonal Skills | |
Management Skills | |
Bidder Conferences | |
Advertising | |
Procurement Negotiations | |
Communication Methods |
以上是基於自己的體會,初淺的作了TT分類,若再加上對每個Process的目地,想想可能需要的工具,依肥蝦的經驗,TT項目在一眼中可判別落在那一個Process的正確率有九十%或以上,反正PMP的考試全部都是選擇題,又是單選,因此理解比背誦,在應付考題上會有更大的成功機率。