Glossary
1. onomatopoeic 狀聲詞
The sounds “imitate” what they refer to

Phonology (the sound system)
Morphology (the structure of words_
Syntax (how words maybe combined into phrases and sentences)
Semantics (they ways in which sounds and meanings are related)
Lexicon (the words)
Pragmatics (the study of how context affects meaning)

語言學
Linguistic competence: the knowledge (phonology/morphology etc.) is different from behavior.
Linguistic performance: The behavior of using the language by your linguistic knowledge. If you do not know the language, you cannot speak it; but if you know the language, you may choose not to speak.

聲音
The sounds and meanings of these words are related in an arbitrary fashion.

Morphology: the words of language
1. Knowing a language means knowing the words of that language. You know both its form (sound) and it’s meaning. The relationship between the form and meaning is arbitrary.
2. Morphemes are the most elemental grammatical units in a language.
3. function words(grammatical words) closed class

Syntax: the sentence patterns of language/ the rules of sentence formation
1. Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases into sentences.
2. Syntactic categories: Units of phrase structure that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality. Traditionally called part of speech.
3. Phrase structure rules: specify the constituency of syntactic categories.

Semantics: the meanings of language/ the study of linguistic meaning

文法
1. Speaker use a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of possible sentences.
2. 間接Descriptive grammar: it does not tell you how you should speak; it describes your basic linguistic knowledge. It explains how it is possible for you to speak and understand, and it tells what you know about the sounds, words, phrases, and sentences of your language.
3. Prescriptive grammar: A grammar that attempts to legislate what your grammar should be.

生理語言學
1. Aphasia: language disorders 失語症、語言障礙
2. Broca’s aphasia: damage to the front part of the left hemisphere, resulted on loss of speech. The patient has syntax and speech problems (ex. Word-finding pauses, labored speech)
3. Wernicke’s aphasia: damage to the back portion of the left hemisphere cause the patient have semantically empty utterances, spoke fluently with good intonation and pronunciation, but with numerous instances of lexical errors (word substitutions) often producing jargon and nonsense words.
4. dyslexia (loss of ability to read)閱讀障礙症 who could write but could not read back what they had written.
5. anomia: 忘名症(特定一組東西的名稱)
6. contralateral: left brain control the right side of the body and右腦控制左腦