Albert Sabin
Albert Sabin
 |
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| Albert Sabin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | August 26, 1906(1906-08-26) Białystok, Russia (now Poland) |
| Died | March 3, 1993(1993-03-03)
(aged 86) Washington, D.C |
| Citizenship | Russia, United States |
| Fields | immunology, virology |
| Alma mater | New York University |
| Known for | oral polio vaccine |
| Notable awards | see article |
Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Life
Sabin was born in Białystok, Russia (now Poland), to Jewish parents, Jacob and Tillie Saperstein. In 1921 he immigrated with his family to America. In 1930 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States and changed his name to Sabin.
Sabin received a medical degree from New York University in 1931. He trained in internal medicine, pathology and surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City from 1931-1933. In 1934 he conducted research at The Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine in England, then joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University). During this time he developed an intense interest in research, especially in the area of infectious diseases. In 1939 he moved to Cincinnati Children's Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. During World War II he was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and helped develop a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. Maintaining his association with Children's Hospital, by 1946 he had also become the head of Pediatric Research at the University of Cincinnati. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, Sabin supervised the fellowship of Robert M. Chanock, whom he called his "star scientific son." [1]
In 1969-1972 he lived and worked in Israel as the President of Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. After his return to the United States he worked (1974–1982) as a Research Professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. He later moved to Washington, D.C. area where he was a Resident Scholar at the John E. Fogarty International Center on NIH campus in Bethesda, MD.
[edit] Polio Research
With the menace of polio growing, Sabin and other researchers, most notably Jonas Salk in Pittsburgh and Hilary Koprowski and Herald Cox in New York and Philadelphia, sought a vaccine to prevent or mitigate the illness. In 1955, Salk's "killed" vaccine was released for use. It was effective in preventing most of the complications of polio, but did not prevent the initial, intestinal infection. In addition, those who received the Salk vaccine could pass on the polio virus. Sabin first tested his live attenuated oral vaccine at the Chillicothe Ohio Reformatory in late 1954. From 1956-1960 he worked with Russian colleagues to perfect the oral vaccine and prove its extraordinary effectiveness and safety. The Sabin vaccine worked in the intestines to block the poliovirus from entering the bloodstream. It was in the intestines, Sabin had discovered, the poliovirus multiplied and attacked. Thus, the oral vaccine broke the chain of transmission of the virus and made possible the world wide eradication of polio.[citation needed]
Between 1955-1960, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist Mikhail Chumakov.[2][3] This provided the critical impetus for allowing large scale clinical trial of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from The March of Dimes Foundation, which supported the relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the Public Health Service to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan, and reaped the humanitarian benefit. Indeed it was not clear to many that the vaccine was an American one, financed by US dollars, but not available to ordinary Americans.
[edit] Sabin vs. Salk vaccine controversy
Sabin vehemently opposed the use of the Salk inactivated vaccine and attempted to block its use.
In 1983, Sabin developed calcification of the cervical spine, which caused paralysis and intense pain.[4][5] According to Keith Olbermann, Sabin revealed in a television interview that the experience had made him decide to spend the rest of his life working on alleviating pain.[6] This condition was successfully treated by surgery conducted at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1992 when Sabin was 86.
[edit] Honors
- Election to the Polio Hall of Fame, which was dedicated in Warm Springs, Georgia, on January 2, 1958
- National Medal of Science (1970)
- Presidential Medal of Freedom (1986)
- In 1999, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center named its new education and conference center for Sabin.
- On March 6, 2006, the US Postal Service issued an 87¢ postage stamp carrying his image, in its Distinguished Americans series.[7]
- In early 2010, Sabin was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Brown, Emma. "Robert M. Chanock, virologist who studied children's diseases, dies at 86", The Washington Post, August 4, 2010. Accessed August 9, 2010.
- ^ Sabin, A.B. Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio: possible lessons for relations between the U.S.A. and the USSR. Perspect Biol Med. 1987 Autumn; 31(1):57-64.
- ^ Benison, S. International Medical Cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, Live Poliovirus Vaccine and the Soviets. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 56 (1982), 460-83.
- ^ Philip Boffey, Sabin, Paralyzed, Tells of Death Wish. In the New York Times, November 27, 1983.
- ^ Ezra Bowen, The Doctor Whose Vaccine Saved Millions from Polio Battles Back from a Near-Fatal Paralysis. In People, July 2, 1984.
- ^ Health Care; The Fight Against Death. Special comment by Keith Olbermann on Countdown, 2009-10-07.
- ^ USPS press release.
- Saldías G, Ernesto (December 2006). "[Centennary of Albert B. Sabin MD birthdate]". Revista chilena de infectología : órgano oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología 23 (4): 368–9. doi:10.4067/S0716-10182006000400013. PMID 17186087.
- Smith, Derek R; Leggat Peter A (2005). "Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin--inventor of the oral polio vaccine". The Kurume medical journal 52 (3): 111–6. doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111. PMID 16422178.
- Emed, A (April 2000). "[Albert B Sabin (1906-1993)]". Harefuah 138 (8): 702–3. PMID 10883218.
- Chanock, R M (March 1996). "Reminiscences of Albert Sabin and his successful strategy for the development of the live oral poliovirus vaccine". Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 108 (2): 117–26. PMID 8705731.
- Dalakas, M C (May 1995). "Opening remarks. On post-polio syndrome and in honor of Dr. Albert B. Sabin". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 753: xi-xiv. PMID 7611615.
- Beumer, J (1994). "[Academic eulogy of Professor Albert Bruce Sabin, foreign honorary member]". Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 149 (5-7): 220–4. PMID 7795544.
- Horaud, F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine". Biologicals 21 (4): 311–6. doi:10.1006/biol.1993.1089. PMID 8024745.
- Melnick, J L; Horaud F (December 1993). "Albert B. Sabin". Biologicals 21 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1006/biol.1993.1087. PMID 8024743.
- "Homage to Albert Sabin". Biologicals 21 (4): 295–384. December 1993. PMID 8024742.
- Newsom, B (June 1993). "In memoriam: Albert B. Sabin, M.D., 1906-1993". Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975) 89 (6): 311. PMID 8320975.
- Grouse, L D (April 1993). "Albert Bruce Sabin". JAMA 269 (16): 2140. doi:10.1001/jama.269.16.2140. PMID 8468772.
- Koprowski, H (April 1993). "Albert B. Sabin (1906-1993)". Nature 362 (6420): 499. doi:10.1038/362499a0. PMID 8464487.
- Sabin, A B; Ramos-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, Pelon W, Michaels R H, Spigland I, Koch M A, Barnes J M, Rhim J S (June 1984). "Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, José Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim". JAMA 251 (22): 2988–93. doi:10.1001/jama.251.22.2988. PMID 6371279.
- Benison, S (1982). "International medical cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, live poliovirus vaccine and the Soviets". Bulletin of the history of medicine 56 (4): 460–83. PMID 6760938.
- Dixon, B (December 1977). "Medicine and the media: polio still paralyses (Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk)". British journal of hospital medicine 18 (6): 595. PMID 342023.
- Draffin, R W (January 1977). "Citation for Dr. Albert B. Sabin of Charleston, S.C. on presentation of Honorary Fellowship 1976". The Journal of the American College of Dentists 44 (1): 28–30. PMID 320241.
[edit] External links
- Dr. Albert Sabin's Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Obituary, NY Times, March 4, 1993
- Sabin Vaccine Institute
| |||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sabin, Albert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Physician and epidemiologist |
| Date of birth | August 26, 1906 |
| Place of birth | Białystok, Russia |
| Date of death | March 3, 1993 |
| Place of death | Washington, D.C., USA |
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アルバート・サビン
アルバート・サビン（Albert Bruce Sabin、1906年8月26日 - 1993年3月3日）は、アメリカ合衆国の医学者で、経口ポリオワクチンの開発で知られる。
目次[非表示] |
人生 [編集]
サビンはロシア（現ポーランド）のビャウィストクでユダヤ人の両親の下に生まれ、1921年に家族でアメリカ合衆国に移住した。1930年に帰化し、サビンと改名した。
サビンは1931年にニューヨーク大学で医学士号を取り、1931年から1933年にかけて、ニューヨークのベルビュー・ホスピタル・センターで内科学、病理学、外科学について指導を受けた。1934年にイングランドのリスター予防医学研究所で研究を行い、その後、ロックフェラー医学研究所（現在のロックフェラー大学）に移籍した。この時期に彼は感染症に強い興味を持って研究を行った.1939年にオハイオ州シンシナティのシンシナティ小児科病院医療センターに移籍した。第二次世界大戦中はアメリカ陸軍医療隊の中佐として、デング熱や日本脳炎のワクチンの開発を行った。小児科病院での勤務を続けつつ、1946年にはシンシナティ大学の小児科部部長となった。
ポリオの研究 [編集]
ポリオの脅威が増大するに連れて、サビンやジョナス・ソーク、ヒラリー・ コプロフスキーらは病気を予防、緩和するワクチンの探索を始めた。1955年、ソークの死菌ワクチンが実用に供された。これはポリオの合併症の予防に効果的だったが、最初の感染は防げなかった。サビンは、1954年末に最初の経口弱毒化生ワクチンの試験を行った。1956年から1960年にかけて、彼はロシア人の同僚と経口ワクチンを完成させるための研究を行い、その効果と安全性を証明した。サビンのワクチンは、腸に働いてポリオウイルスが血管に入るのを阻止する。サビンは、ポリオウイルスが腸内で増殖し、攻撃するのを発見した。経口ワクチンはポリオの遺伝を破壊し、世界中のポリオの根絶に貢献した。
1955年から1960年にかけて、ポリオワクチンはソビエト連邦、東ヨーロッパの一部、シンガポール、メキシコ、オランダ等で少なくとも1億人以上の人にテストされ、1960年4月にアメリカ合衆国で初めてシンシナティの18万人の児童に大規模接種された。サビンらが開発した大量接種法により、シンシナティでは効率的にポリオが根絶された。死菌ワクチンを支援していた小児麻痺救済基金の反対にあったが、サビンは3株のワクチンを承認させるためにアメリカ公衆衛生局を説得した。公衆衛生局では行き詰まっていたが、ソビエト連邦は、日本等のポリオが蔓延している地域に大量の経口ワクチンを送り、人道主義に貢献した。ワクチンにはアメリカ合衆国の基金等が用いられたが、一般のアメリカ人には行き渡らなかった。
サビンはソークの不活化ワクチンの使用に猛反対し、その使用を阻止しようとした。
晩年 [編集]
1970年からイスラエルのワイツマン科学研究所に勤務し、1974年にはアメリカ国立癌研究所を経て、サウスカロライナ大学医学部で教鞭を執るなど、精力的に働いた。しかし、1983年にサビンは頸椎の硬化症に罹り、麻痺と激痛に襲われるようになった[1] [2]。キース・オルバーマンによると、サビンはテレビのインタビューで、残りの人生を痛みの軽減のために使うことを決意したと語っている[3]。
1993年にワシントンD.C.で亡くなった。
受賞など [編集]
- 1958年1月2日 ポリオの殿堂
- 1970年 アメリカ国家科学賞
- 1986年 大統領自由勲章
- 1999年 シンシナティ小児科病院医療センターの建物に献名
- 2006年3月 アメリカ合衆国郵便公社が87セント切手を発行[4]
出典 [編集]
- ^ Philip Boffey, Sabin, Paralyzed, Tells of Death Wish. In the New York Times, November 27, 1983.
- ^ Ezra Bowen, The Doctor Whose Vaccine Saved Millions from Polio Battles Back from a Near-Fatal Paralysis. In People, July 2, 1984.
- ^ Health Care; The Fight Against Death. Special comment by Keith Olbermann on Countdown, 2009-10-07.
- ^ USPS press release.
- Saldias G, Ernesto (2006 December). “[Centennary of Albert B. Sabin MD birthdate]”. Revista chilena de infectologia : organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia 23 (4): 368?9. doi:/S0716-10182006000400013. PMID 17186087.
- Smith, Derek R, Leggat Peter A (2005). “Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin--inventor of the oral polio vaccine”. The Kurume medical journal 52 (3): 111?6. doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111. PMID 16422178.
- Emed, A (2000 April). “[Albert B Sabin (1906-1993)]”. Harefuah 138 (8): 702?3. PMID 10883218.
- Chanock, R M (1996 March). “Reminiscences of Albert Sabin and his successful strategy for the development of the live oral poliovirus vaccine”. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 108 (2): 117?26. PMID 8705731.
- Dalakas, M C (1995 May). “Opening remarks. On post-polio syndrome and in honor of Dr. Albert B. Sabin”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 753: xi-xiv. PMID 7611615.
- Beumer, J (1994). “[Academic eulogy of Professor Albert Bruce Sabin, foreign honorary member]”. Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg. 149 (5-7): 220?4. PMID 7795544.
- Horaud, F (1993 December). “Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine”. Biologicals 21 (4): 311?6. doi:10.1006/biol.1993.1089. PMID 8024745.
- Melnick, J L, Horaud F (1993 December). “Albert B. Sabin”. Biologicals 21 (4): 297?303. doi:10.1006/biol.1993.1087. PMID 8024743.
- (1993 December). “Homage to Albert Sabin”. Biologicals 21 (4): 295?384. PMID 8024742.
- Newsom, B (1993 June). “In memoriam: Albert B. Sabin, M.D., 1906-1993”. Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975) 89 (6): 311. PMID 8320975.
- Grouse, L D (1993 April). “Albert Bruce Sabin”. Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (16): 2140. doi:10.1001/jama.269.16.2140. PMID 8468772.
- Koprowski, H (1993 April). “Albert B. Sabin (1906-1993)”. Nature 362 (6420): 499. doi:10.1038/362499a0. PMID 8464487.
- Sabin, A B, Ramos-Alvarez M, Alvarez-Amezquita J, Pelon W, Michaels R H, Spigland I, Koch M A, Barnes J M, Rhim J S (1984 June). “Landmark article Aug 6, 1960: Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine. Effects of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infection with other viruses. By Albert B. Sabin, Manuel Ramos-Alvarez, Jose Alvarez-Amezquita, William Pelon, Richard H. Michaels, Ilya Spigland, Meinrad A. Koch, Joan M. Barnes, and Johng S. Rhim”. Journal of the American Medical Association 251 (22): 2988?93. PMID 6371279.
- Benison, S (1982). “International medical cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, live poliovirus vaccine and the Soviets”. Bulletin of the history of medicine 56 (4): 460?83. PMID 6760938.
- Dixon, B (1977 December). “Medicine and the media: polio still paralyses (Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk)”. British journal of hospital medicine 18 (6): 595. PMID 342023.
- Draffin, R W (1977 January). “Citation for Dr. Albert B. Sabin of Charleston, S.C. on presentation of Honorary Fellowship 1976”. The Journal of the American College of Dentists 44 (1): 28?30. PMID 320241.
外部リンク [編集]
- Dr. Albert Sabin's Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Obituary, NY Times, March 4, 1993
- Sabin Vaccine Institute
阿爾伯特·沙賓
阿爾伯特·沙賓（Albert Bruce Sabin，1906年8月26日－1993年3月3日，原姓Saperstein）猶太人，是一位美國醫學家，是口服脊髓灰質炎疫苗（小兒麻痺疫苗，又稱「沙賓疫苗」）的成功開發者。出生於俄羅斯表韋斯道克（現屬波蘭），1921年與家人移居美國。除了沙賓疫苗之外，他也是登革熱疫苗與日本腦炎疫苗的研究者之一。
[編輯] 外部連結
- Dr. Albert Sabin's Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Obituary, NY Times, March 4, 1993
- Sabin Vaccine Institute
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