solitary Kidney = Horseshoe Kidney

Non-infectious dysuria
--Interstitial cystitis, Endoxon induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Hemoblobulinuria
--OB+, RBC-, 離心後尿乃是紅色
Myoglobulinuira
--OB+, RBC-, 離心後是橘黃色

proteinuria
Adult > 150 mg/D adolescent > 250 mg/D (因為正值生長發育)
Microalbumineia
指 daily urine albumin 30 ~ 300 mg/D
Daily Bun = 7 ~ 16 gm/D
Daily UA = 300 ~ 800 mg/D
Daily Ca = 100 ~ 240 mg/D

Renin secreting adenoma = Hemangio-pericytoma

Urine 酸or鹼 → 以5.5為界
鹼化尿液 → 降低Calcium oxalate, Uric acid
會讓nitrite (+)的細菌：PEcK, Enterobacter

Dipstick
--Ketone body是用Nitroprusside測，只能測Acetoacetate, acetone

Cast
--RBC Cast : GN, TI bleeding
--Eosinophilic : AIN
--Fatty cast : nephrotic syndrome
--Broad cast : Chronic RF

會讓GFR算起來降低的藥物
--trimethoprime, Cimetidine