2005-06-06 09:01:41clisland
省思雜記 2005/05/30
角色扮演 (Role-playing)
法理探究法 (Jurisprudental Inquiry)
1. 課程摘要
a. 角色扮演實施架構：
第一階段：小組暖身
第二階段：選擇參與者
第三階段：設定舞台
第四階段：預備觀察者 (要看什麼、分派觀察任務)
第五階段：實際演出
第六階段：討論和評鑑
第七階段：再次扮演修正過的角色
第八階段：討論和評鑑
第九階段：分享經驗並結論之類化，應用真的經驗與現在的問題
b. 常用的角色扮演實施技巧：
1. hand puppet
2. games and music
3. the magic shop
4 problem story
5 guided fantasy
6 turn you back
7 role reversal
8 soliloquy
9 mirror technique
10 replaying
c. 法理探究法的主要觀念：
1. 蘇格拉底式的對話→學生先採論點與價值判斷
→老師以實際事例揭露背後的含意
2. 公共政策的議題
3. 一套可用來審查對立案例的價值
d. 爭論圍繞在三大類問題：
1. 定義上的問題
2. 價值上的問題
3. 事實上的問題
e. 法理探究法實施的步驟：
階段一：介紹案例
階段二：界定議題 (價值觀的衝突)
階段三：採取立場
階段四：探索立論點、爭辯的類型
階段五：修正與辯護立場
階段六：檢驗在所辯護立場後的事實性假設
2.對我的衝擊
以前角色扮演的機會好像比較少，但是我發現透過角色扮演，可以讓同學看到多元的觀點，而之前上校園人際關係的課程也提到，角色扮演可以讓對方以同理心的角度同理對方的感受，雖然跟教學原理提到的角色扮演不太一樣，教學原理是針對課堂上教授學生方法的運用，人際關係則是針對溝通方面，不過我覺得同樣的是，藉由角色扮演可以讓自己看到之前所未知的一部分，然後能加以改善或進步，對學生來說都是好事。而法理探究法就是一套相當科學的教學模式，我覺得學生從法理探究法可以學習到怎麼樣客觀的去思考、分析、評斷以及辯論，這對學生在日後學習，或者是評斷是非都是相當重要的訓練。
3.日後的規劃
當然，角色扮演不論是作小型或大型的活動都很適合，用英文口說也是讓學生練習的好方法，而法理探究訓練則可以設計類似小型辯論，分組辯論的活動，針對某種爭議性的議題，例如像是學校該不該解除髮禁、中學生適不適合交男女朋友等等之類的問題，讓學生去組織架構，思考怎麼提出支持自己的證據跟理由，以及反辯的思考能力。我覺得在活動之後千萬不可以就直接下課，一定要預留一點時間讓老師跟同學之間分享或討論這次的活動，必要的時候老師要導引學生正確的價值觀，我認為這樣才是有意義的分享。
4.其他資料
Creative Teaching: Simulations, Games, and Role Playing
Karen DeBord
Extension Specialist, Rural Child Care
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University-Blacksburg
Creative, participatory teaching techniques are important tools of the Extension trade. One such set of tools is simulation, games, and role playing. These approaches have high group member involvement while facilitating meaningful and fun learning.
Adams defines simulation as "a controlled detailed mode intended to reflect a situation found in the real world. It is a dramatic view of life existing for the serious purpose of learning about real experiences."1 Experiences such as career day and mock marriages are examples. Role playing is like simulation, but often has winners and losers. Roles are more structured and have a defined set of participants with specific times, places, equipment, and rules. Games are like play, but have an end or a payoff and involve suspense. Games may be played with teams against one another or against some impersonal force.
As long as no one is forced to participate, competition can be positive and encourage player discovery, examination, and learning.2 Often, educators will use games as ice breakers with new groups of any age. Active strategies for group involvement serve as warm-ups, to change people's attitudes, to speed up the establishment of rapport, and to ease the communication flow.
Usable Ideas
Borrowing from television game shows can stimulate ideas for group participation, by using educational questions designed to suit learning objectives. Learning games and drills can be implemented independently without a leader and conducted in small groups between peers, while role playing and simulation require more leadership and direction in assigning roles and outlining boundaries.
Numerous life skills can be developed by participating in gaming or simulation situations. Students can be introduced to difficult concepts that will be meaningful and understandable when experienced. Problem-solving skills, self-motivation, and self-confidence are enhanced through simulation experiences.
Below, I've summarized examples and ideas of games, simulations, and role-playing experiences suitable for various ages. Creative thinking and resourcefulness, as well as leader enthusiasm while presenting these strategies, are desirable in making these learning tools work effectively.
How-To Descriptions
Juniors
Thanksgiving - Challenge participants to name the 12 plant foods that provide most of the calories for the world. Discover new tastes and textures through trial.
TV Game Shows - Variation of the copyrighted shows such as Jeopardy, Win Lose or Draw, and Tic Tac Toe can be used as question/answer team games for introduction of units or review. Pose questions to individuals on the team and reward the team for correct responses.
Casino - Large poker-type card games such as Black Jack may be adapted for the same reasons as above. Cards may picture items for identification such as wild plants, animals, or street signs.
Adolescents
Christmas in July - Schedule ski relays, tree decorating, ornament making, Santa's visit, cooking, and more to celebrate a holiday out of season. Incorporate planning, charity, disappointments, joy, and other emotions felt during holiday seasons.
Dilemma - Teams work together to figure out a creative answer to given dilemmas. Examples: Your ship is being invaded by aliens. The captain and the crew are confined to the main deck. Everybody else is quarantined to their bunks with an infectious disease. What should the healthy crew members do?
Treebuilding - For people involvement and to exemplify team efforts and leadership, build a tree of people with participants acting out the parts, complete with motions and sound effects. Begin with three people. Include the heartwood, roots, trunk, leaves, bark, and more. Narrate. Emphasize how each part is needed to form the whole.
Electric Fence - An electric fence continues for miles. You can't dig under it. A big vat of hot chocolate is slowly closing in on you. Everyone needs to get out. Tie a string to two points for the fence. Give each team of 10 a 4x4 and an adult to supervise. Talk about leadership, who was involved, why, and what leadership evolved at the completion.
Seniors/Adults
IF - Students may participate verbally or written by completing open-ended statements such as: If I were older.... If I could teach everybody in the world one thing.... Sometimes I'm afraid of.... I'd like to change....
Job Interview - Videotaping enhances this real-life experience. Be sure to critique and give helpful hints following simulation.
Mock Household - Much like a mock marriage, have this interaction continue for a length of time. Incorporate budgeting, relationships, child care, chores, and other real-life experiences.
Summary
To keep up with the educational expectations of today's youth, we're called on to use innovative teaching techniques. Where resources and training programs aren't available to keep pace with our growing technological expansion, methods must be developed and used that involve active learning without depending on high technology. Simulations, games, and role playing are viable alternatives for learning about and experiencing real-life situations.
Footnotes
1. Dennis M. Adams, Simulation Games: An Approach to Learning (Worthington, Ohio: Charles A. Jones Publishing Company, 1973).
2. Ibid.
法理探究法 (Jurisprudental Inquiry)
1. 課程摘要
a. 角色扮演實施架構：
第一階段：小組暖身
第二階段：選擇參與者
第三階段：設定舞台
第四階段：預備觀察者 (要看什麼、分派觀察任務)
第五階段：實際演出
第六階段：討論和評鑑
第七階段：再次扮演修正過的角色
第八階段：討論和評鑑
第九階段：分享經驗並結論之類化，應用真的經驗與現在的問題
b. 常用的角色扮演實施技巧：
1. hand puppet
2. games and music
3. the magic shop
4 problem story
5 guided fantasy
6 turn you back
7 role reversal
8 soliloquy
9 mirror technique
10 replaying
c. 法理探究法的主要觀念：
1. 蘇格拉底式的對話→學生先採論點與價值判斷
→老師以實際事例揭露背後的含意
2. 公共政策的議題
3. 一套可用來審查對立案例的價值
d. 爭論圍繞在三大類問題：
1. 定義上的問題
2. 價值上的問題
3. 事實上的問題
e. 法理探究法實施的步驟：
階段一：介紹案例
階段二：界定議題 (價值觀的衝突)
階段三：採取立場
階段四：探索立論點、爭辯的類型
階段五：修正與辯護立場
階段六：檢驗在所辯護立場後的事實性假設
2.對我的衝擊
以前角色扮演的機會好像比較少，但是我發現透過角色扮演，可以讓同學看到多元的觀點，而之前上校園人際關係的課程也提到，角色扮演可以讓對方以同理心的角度同理對方的感受，雖然跟教學原理提到的角色扮演不太一樣，教學原理是針對課堂上教授學生方法的運用，人際關係則是針對溝通方面，不過我覺得同樣的是，藉由角色扮演可以讓自己看到之前所未知的一部分，然後能加以改善或進步，對學生來說都是好事。而法理探究法就是一套相當科學的教學模式，我覺得學生從法理探究法可以學習到怎麼樣客觀的去思考、分析、評斷以及辯論，這對學生在日後學習，或者是評斷是非都是相當重要的訓練。
3.日後的規劃
當然，角色扮演不論是作小型或大型的活動都很適合，用英文口說也是讓學生練習的好方法，而法理探究訓練則可以設計類似小型辯論，分組辯論的活動，針對某種爭議性的議題，例如像是學校該不該解除髮禁、中學生適不適合交男女朋友等等之類的問題，讓學生去組織架構，思考怎麼提出支持自己的證據跟理由，以及反辯的思考能力。我覺得在活動之後千萬不可以就直接下課，一定要預留一點時間讓老師跟同學之間分享或討論這次的活動，必要的時候老師要導引學生正確的價值觀，我認為這樣才是有意義的分享。
4.其他資料
Creative Teaching: Simulations, Games, and Role Playing
Karen DeBord
Extension Specialist, Rural Child Care
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University-Blacksburg
Creative, participatory teaching techniques are important tools of the Extension trade. One such set of tools is simulation, games, and role playing. These approaches have high group member involvement while facilitating meaningful and fun learning.
Adams defines simulation as "a controlled detailed mode intended to reflect a situation found in the real world. It is a dramatic view of life existing for the serious purpose of learning about real experiences."1 Experiences such as career day and mock marriages are examples. Role playing is like simulation, but often has winners and losers. Roles are more structured and have a defined set of participants with specific times, places, equipment, and rules. Games are like play, but have an end or a payoff and involve suspense. Games may be played with teams against one another or against some impersonal force.
As long as no one is forced to participate, competition can be positive and encourage player discovery, examination, and learning.2 Often, educators will use games as ice breakers with new groups of any age. Active strategies for group involvement serve as warm-ups, to change people's attitudes, to speed up the establishment of rapport, and to ease the communication flow.
Usable Ideas
Borrowing from television game shows can stimulate ideas for group participation, by using educational questions designed to suit learning objectives. Learning games and drills can be implemented independently without a leader and conducted in small groups between peers, while role playing and simulation require more leadership and direction in assigning roles and outlining boundaries.
Numerous life skills can be developed by participating in gaming or simulation situations. Students can be introduced to difficult concepts that will be meaningful and understandable when experienced. Problem-solving skills, self-motivation, and self-confidence are enhanced through simulation experiences.
Below, I've summarized examples and ideas of games, simulations, and role-playing experiences suitable for various ages. Creative thinking and resourcefulness, as well as leader enthusiasm while presenting these strategies, are desirable in making these learning tools work effectively.
How-To Descriptions
Juniors
Thanksgiving - Challenge participants to name the 12 plant foods that provide most of the calories for the world. Discover new tastes and textures through trial.
TV Game Shows - Variation of the copyrighted shows such as Jeopardy, Win Lose or Draw, and Tic Tac Toe can be used as question/answer team games for introduction of units or review. Pose questions to individuals on the team and reward the team for correct responses.
Casino - Large poker-type card games such as Black Jack may be adapted for the same reasons as above. Cards may picture items for identification such as wild plants, animals, or street signs.
Adolescents
Christmas in July - Schedule ski relays, tree decorating, ornament making, Santa's visit, cooking, and more to celebrate a holiday out of season. Incorporate planning, charity, disappointments, joy, and other emotions felt during holiday seasons.
Dilemma - Teams work together to figure out a creative answer to given dilemmas. Examples: Your ship is being invaded by aliens. The captain and the crew are confined to the main deck. Everybody else is quarantined to their bunks with an infectious disease. What should the healthy crew members do?
Treebuilding - For people involvement and to exemplify team efforts and leadership, build a tree of people with participants acting out the parts, complete with motions and sound effects. Begin with three people. Include the heartwood, roots, trunk, leaves, bark, and more. Narrate. Emphasize how each part is needed to form the whole.
Electric Fence - An electric fence continues for miles. You can't dig under it. A big vat of hot chocolate is slowly closing in on you. Everyone needs to get out. Tie a string to two points for the fence. Give each team of 10 a 4x4 and an adult to supervise. Talk about leadership, who was involved, why, and what leadership evolved at the completion.
Seniors/Adults
IF - Students may participate verbally or written by completing open-ended statements such as: If I were older.... If I could teach everybody in the world one thing.... Sometimes I'm afraid of.... I'd like to change....
Job Interview - Videotaping enhances this real-life experience. Be sure to critique and give helpful hints following simulation.
Mock Household - Much like a mock marriage, have this interaction continue for a length of time. Incorporate budgeting, relationships, child care, chores, and other real-life experiences.
Summary
To keep up with the educational expectations of today's youth, we're called on to use innovative teaching techniques. Where resources and training programs aren't available to keep pace with our growing technological expansion, methods must be developed and used that involve active learning without depending on high technology. Simulations, games, and role playing are viable alternatives for learning about and experiencing real-life situations.
Footnotes
1. Dennis M. Adams, Simulation Games: An Approach to Learning (Worthington, Ohio: Charles A. Jones Publishing Company, 1973).
2. Ibid.